Relation between the relative abundance and collapse of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and microbial antagonism in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is the dominant filamentous cyanobacterium that develops into blooms in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, each year. During AFA bloom and collapse, ecosystem conditions for endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers deteriorate, thus motivating the need to identify processes that limit AFA abundance and decline. Here, we investigate the relations between AFA and other members of the microbial community (photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria and archaea), how those relations impact abundance and collapse of AFA, and the types of microbial conditions that suppress AFA. We found significant spatial variation in AFA relative abundance during the 2016 bloom period using 16S rRNA sequencing. The Pelican Marina site had the lowest AFA relative abundance, and this was coincident with increased relative abundance of Candidatus Sericytochromatia, Flavobacterium, and Rheinheimera, some of which are known AFA antagonists. The AFA collapse coincided with phosphorus limitation relative to nitrogen and the increased relative abundance of Cyanobium and Candidatus Sericytochromatia, which outcompete AFA when dissolved inorganic nitrogen is available. The data collected in this study indicate the importance of dissolved inorganic nitrogen combined with microbial community structure in suppressing AFA abundance.

Herbal Medicine-Inspired Carbon Quantum Dots with Antibiosis and Hemostasis Effects for Promoting Wound Healing.

Bleeding and bacterial infections are crucial factors affecting wound healing. The usage of herbal medicine-derived materials holds great potential for promoting wound healing. However, the uncertain intrinsic effective ingredients and unclear mechanism of action remain great concerns. Herein, inspired by the herbal medicine Ligusticum wallichii, we reported the synthesis of tetramethylpyrazine-derived carbon quantum dots (TMP-CQDs) for promoting wound healing. Of note, the use of TMP as the precursor instead of L. wallichii ensured the repeatability and homogeneity of the obtained products. Furthermore, TMP-CQDs exhibited high antibacterial activity. Mechanically, TMP-CQDs inhibited the DNA repair, biosynthesis, and quorum sensing of the bacteria and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, TMP-CQDs could accelerate blood coagulation through activating factor VIII and promoting platelet aggregation. Effective wound healing was achieved by using TMP-CQDs in the Staphylococcus aureus-infected mouse skin wound model. This study sheds light on the development of herbal medicine-inspired materials as effective therapeutic drugs.

Isolation and Characterization of Paenibacillus polymyxa B7 and Inhibition of Aspergillus tubingensis A1 by Its Antifungal Substances.

Screening of Bacillus with antagonistic effects on paddy mold pathogens to provide strain resources for biological control of mold in Oryza sativa L. screening of Bacillus isolates antagonistic towards Aspergillus tubingensis from rhizosphere soil of healthy paddy; classification and identification of antagonistic strains by biological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis; transcriptome sequencing after RNA extraction from Bacillus-treated Aspergillus tubingensis; and extraction of inhibitory crude proteins of Bacillus by ammonium sulfate precipitation; inhibitory crude protein and Bacillus spp. were treated separately for A. tubingensis and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An antagonistic strain of Bacillus, named B7, was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa by 16S rDNA identification and phylogenetic evolutionary tree comparison analysis. Analysis of the transcriptome results showed that genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis such as antifungal protein were significantly downregulated. SEM results showed that the mycelium of A. tubingensis underwent severe rupture after treatment with P. polymyxa and antifungal proteins, respectively. In addition, the sporocarp changed less after treatment with P. polymyxa, and the sporangium stalks had obvious folds. P. polymyxa B7 has a good antagonistic effect against A. tubingensis and has potential for biocontrol applications of paddy mold pathogens.

Killer prey: Ecology reverses bacterial predation.

Ecological variation influences the character of many biotic interactions, but examples of predator-prey reversal mediated by abiotic context are few. We show that the temperature at which prey grow before interacting with a bacterial predator can determine the very direction of predation, reversing predator and prey identities. While Pseudomonas fluorescens reared at 32°C was extensively killed by the generalist predator Myxococcus xanthus, P. fluorescens reared at 22°C became the predator, slaughtering M. xanthus to extinction and growing on its remains. Beyond M. xanthus, diffusible molecules in P. fluorescens supernatant also killed 2 other phylogenetically distant species among several examined. Our results suggest that the sign of lethal microbial antagonisms may often change across abiotic gradients in natural microbial communities, with important ecological and evolutionary implications. They also suggest that a larger proportion of microbial warfare results in predation-the killing and consumption of organisms-than is generally recognized.

Response of Bacillus velezensis 83 to interaction with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides resembles a Greek phalanx-style formation: A stress resistant phenotype with antibiosis capacity.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, such as Bacillus spp., establish beneficial associations with plants and may inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. However, these bacteria are subject to multiple biotic stimuli from their competitors, causing stress and modifying their development. This work is a study of an in vitro interaction between two model microorganisms of socioeconomic relevance, using population dynamics and transcriptomic approaches. Co-cultures of Bacillus velezensis 83 with the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 09 were performed to evaluate the metabolic response of the bacteria under conditions of non-nutritional limitation. The bacterial response was associated with the induction of a stress-resistant phenotype, characterized by a lower specific growth rate, but with antimicrobial production capacity. About 12% of co-cultured B. velezensis 83 coding sequences were differentially expressed, including the up-regulation of the general stress response (sigB regulon), and the down-regulation of alternative carbon sources catabolism (glucose preference). Defense strategies in B. velezensis are a determining factor in order to preserve the long-term viability of its population. Mostly, the presence of the fungus does not affect the expression of antibiosis genes, except for those corresponding to surfactin/bacillomycin D production. Indeed, the up-regulation of antibiosis genes expression is associated with bacterial growth, regardless of the presence of the fungus. This behavior in B. velezensis 83 resembles the strategy used by the classical Greek phalanx formation: by sacrificing growth rate and metabolic versatility, resources can be redistributed to defense (stress resistant phenotype) while maintaining the attack (antibiosis capacity). The presented results are the first characterization of the molecular phenotype at the transcriptome level of a biological control agent under biotic stress caused by a phytopathogen without nutrient limitation.

Hydro-Sensitive, In Situ Ultrafast Physical Self-Gelatinizing, and Red Blood Cells Strengthened Hemostatic Adhesive Powder with Antibiosis and Immunoregulation for Wound Repair.

Immediate and effective hemostatic treatments for complex bleeding wounds are an urgent clinical demand. Hemostatic materials with characteristics of adhesion, sealing, anti-infection, and concrescence promotion have drawn growing concerns. However, pure natural multifunctional hemostatic materials with in situ ultrafast self-gelation are rarely reported. In this study, a hydro-sensitive collagen/tannic acid (ColTA) natural hemostatic powder is developed that can in situ self-gel to form adhesive by the non-covalent crosslinking between tannic acid (TA) and collagen (Col) in liquids. The physical interactions endow ColTA adhesive with the characteristics of instantaneous formation and high adhesion at various substrate surfaces. Crucially, ColTA powder adhesive shows an enhanced adhesion performance in the presence of blood due to the electrostatic interactions between ColTA adhesive and red blood cells, conducive to effective in situ sealing and rapid hemostasis. The biocompatible and hemocompatible ColTA adhesive can effectively control bleeding and seal the wounds of the caudal vein, liver, heart, and femoral arteries in rats. Furthermore, the low-cost and ready-to-use ColTA adhesive powder also possesses good antibacterial and inhibiting biofilm formation ability, and can efficiently regulate immune response by the NF-κB pathway to promote wound repair, making it a highly promising hemostatic material with great potential for biomedical applications.

Reduced glutathione and raffinose lengthens postharvest storage of cassava root tubers by improving antioxidant capacity and antibiosis.

Cassava is an ideal food security crop in marginal and drought environment. However, the post-harvest storage of cassava is urgent problem to be resolved. In this study, the storage tolerant and non-tolerant cassava were screened by measuring the change of Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in seven cultivars of cassava. Compared with other cultivars, the cultivar of SC14 showed the highest level of SOD, MDA and POD respectively at 0 day, 12 day and 9 day postharvest while exhibited lowest level of CAT at 0 day postharvest, indicating the strongest antioxidant capability and storage tolerance. In contrast, GR15231, termed as storage non-tolerance cultivars, showed lowest SOD and POD at 12 day and kept a relative high level of CAT at 12 day post-harvest. In addition, SC14 has higher level of starch and dry substance than GR15231. Mass spectrum was performed for SC14 and GR15231 to explore the key metabolites regulating the storage tolerance of cassava. The results showed that the expression of glutathione (reduced) and raffinose was significantly decreased at 12 day post-harvest both in tolerant SC14 and non-tolerant GR15231. Compared with GR15231, SC14 showed higher level of raffinose both at 0 and 12 day post-harvest, indicating that raffinose may be the potential metabolites protecting SC14 cultivar from deterioration post-harvest. Additionally, raffinose ratio of SC14a/SC14b was five times less than that of GR15231a/GR15231b, reflecting the slower degradation of raffinose in SC14 cultivar compared with GR15231 cultivar. In conclusion, the antioxidant microenvironment induced by reduced glutathione and higher level of raffinose in SC14 cultivar might be the promising metabolites to improve its antioxidant capacity and antibiosis and thus maintained the quality of Cassava root tubers.

Fluoride releasing photothermal responsive TiO2 matrices for antibiosis, biosealing and bone regeneration.

Peri-implantitis induced by infection leads to gingival recession, alveolar resorption and eventual dental implant failure. So, antibiosis and biosealing of abutments as well as osseointegration of roots need to be projected seriously during the whole service lifespan of dental implants. In this work, a multipurpose photothermal therapy strategy based on Si/P/F doped TiO2 matrix is proposed to address the above issues. This TiO2 matrix not only has outstanding photothermal response, but also triggers the release of F ions under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Local hyperthermia assisted with the released F ions reduces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis of staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), increases bacterial membrane permeability, and induces abundant of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the oxidation of cellular components and eventual death of bacteria. Furthermore, the synergic action of mild photothermal stimulation and Si/P/F ions of TiO2 matrix up-regulates gingival epithelial cells behavior (e.g., hemidesmosome formation) and osteoblasts response in vitro. In an infected model, this TiO2 matrix obviously eliminates bacteria, reduces inflammatory response, improves epithelial sealing and osseointegration, and reduces alveolar resorption by regulating NIR irradiation.

Enhancing defense against rice blast disease: Unveiling the role of leaf endophytic firmicutes in antifungal antibiosis and induced systemic resistance.

Rice remains the primary staple for more than half of the world's population, yet its cultivation faces numerous challenges, including both biotic and abiotic stresses. One significant obstacle is the prevalence of rice blast disease, which substantially diminishes productivity and increases cultivation costs due to frequent fungicide applications. Consequently, the presence of fungicide residues in rice raises concerns about compliance with international maximum residue limits (MRLs). While host resistance has proven effective, it often remains vulnerable to new variants of the Magnaporthe oryzae pathogen. Therefore, there is a critical need to explore innovative management strategies that can complement or enhance existing methods. An unexplored avenue involves harnessing endophytic bacterial communities. To this end, the present study investigates the potential of eleven endophytic Bacillus spp. in suppressing Pyricularia oryzae, promoting plant growth, and eliciting a defense response through phyllobacterization. The results indicate that the secreted metabolome and volatilome of seven tested isolates demonstrate inhibitory effects against P.oryzae, ranging from a minimum of 40% to a maximum of 70%. Bacillus siamensis L34, B. amyloliquefaciens RA37, B. velezensis L12, and B. subtilis B18 produce antifungal antibiotics targeting P.oryzae. Additionally, B. subtilis S4 and B. subtilis S6 emerge as excellent inducers of systemic resistance against blast disease, as evidenced by elevated activity of biochemical defense enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenol content. However, a balance between primary metabolic activity (e.g., chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic rate) and defense activity is observed. Furthermore, specific endophytic Bacillus spp. significantly stimulates defense-related genes, including OsPAD4, OsFMO1, and OsEDS1. These findings underscore the multifaceted potential of endophytic Bacillus in managing blast disease through antibiosis and induced systemic resistance. In conclusion, this study highlights the promising role of endophytic Bacillus spp. as a viable option for blast disease management. Their ability to inhibit the pathogen and induce systemic resistance makes them a valuable addition to the existing strategies. However, it is crucial to consider the trade-off between primary metabolic activity and defense response when implementing these bacteria-based approaches.

Comparison of Composition, Free-Radical-Scavenging Capacity, and Antibiosis of Fresh and Dry Leave Aqueous Extract from Michelia shiluensis.

Numerous plants of medicinal value grow on Hainan Island (China). Given the lack of knowledge on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Michelia shiluensis Chun and Y. F. Wu (M. shiluensis), the application of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in the food industry has attracted increasing interest. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition, free-radical-scavenging capacity, and antibiosis of aqueous extracts of the fresh and dried leaves of M. shiluensis. The aqueous extract of the leaves of M. shiluensis was obtained using steam distillation, and its chemical components were separated and identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The free-radical-scavenging capacity and antibiosis were determined. Further, 28 and 20 compounds were isolated from the fresh leaf aqueous extract of M. shiluensis (MSFLAE) and dried leaf aqueous extract of M. shiluensis (MSDLAE), respectively. The free-radical-scavenging capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, which was 43.43% and 38.74%, respectively. The scavenging capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE determined by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS)) method was 46.90% and 25.99%, respectively. The iron ion reduction capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE was determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method as 94.7 and 62.9 µmol Fe2⁺/L, respectively. This indicated that the two leaf aqueous extracts had a certain free-radical-scavenging capacity, and the capacity of MSFLAE was higher than that of MSDLAE. The antibiosis of the two leaf aqueous extracts on the three foodborne pathogenic bacteria was low, but the antimicrobial effects on Gram-positive bacteria were better than those on Gram-negative bacteria. The antibiosis of MSFLAE on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was greater than that of MSDLAE. Finally, MSFLAE and MSDLAE both had certain free-radical-scavenging capacities and antibiosis, confirming that the use of this plant in the research and development of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents was reasonable. Plant aqueous extracts are an essential source of related phytochemistry and have immense pharmacological potential.

Antibiosis interaction of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) with house fly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae).

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758)) larvae inhibit oviposition of house fly (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) by releasing a semiochemical, although in some situations, inhibition is only partial. We hypothesized that there is a certain period in the life cycle of black soldier fly when it can cause antibiosis of the house fly. Choice and non-choice tests were used to separately examine the effectiveness of each developmental stage of black soldier fly (egg, larval (phase I, II, and III), prepupal and pupal stages) and crude extract of larvae on house fly oviposition. Tests using each developmental stage were compared with controls lacking black soldier fly. The effects of black soldier fly on the number of newly hatched house fly larvae were evaluated and there was a significant difference between the test and control in the number of eggs laid by house fly for all phases of the black soldier fly larval stage. Strong inhibition was found in some black soldier fly larval phases. Significant differences in the numbers of house fly eggs oviposited in food containers treated with crude extract were found when compared with a control, confirming that chemicals from black soldier fly larvae resulted in inhibition of oviposition of house fly. The results from experiment also indicated that chemicals from black soldier larvae influenced the number of house fly larvae newly hatched from eggs.

Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Pacific Northwest Beef Feedlot Cattle Fed Two Different Direct-Fed Microbials.

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in beef cattle shedding of foodborne pathogens due to the potential to contaminate surrounding food crops; however, the number of studies published on this topic has declined as the majority of research has emphasized on postharvest mitigation efforts. A field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of pathogens and indicator bacteria in beef cattle fed two different direct-fed microbials (DFMs). Fecal samples from a total of 3,708 crossbred yearling cattle randomly assigned to 16 pens and two treatment groups at a commercial cattle feedlot were taken. During the study period, diets were supplemented with two different DFMs i.) Lactobacillus acidophilus (NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (NP24) (9 log10CFU/head/day), and ii.) Lactobacillus salivarius (L28) (6 log10CFU/head/day). Fecal samples from pen floors were collected on days 0, 21, 42, 63, 103, and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 and concentration of E. coli O157:H7, Enterobacteriaceae, and C. perfringens. Fecal samples collected from cattle fed L28 had significantly lower concentration of C. perfringens (p < 0.05) and had a similar prevalence with no significant differences in E. coli O157:H7 as those fed NP51/NP24 through the study until day 103. On day 103, the prevalence in cattle fed L28 was 40% with a concentration of 0.95 log10MPN/g while those fed NP51/NP24 were 65% with a concentration of 1.2 log10MPN/g. Cattle supplemented with NP51/NP24 achieved a significant log reduction of EB by 2.4 log10CFU/g over the course of the 103-day supplementation period compared to L28. Salmonella prevalence was also measured, but not detected in any samples at significant amounts to draw conclusions. It is evident that E. coli O157:H7 and other foodborne pathogens are still prevalent in cattle operations and that preharvest mitigation strategies should be considered to reduce the risk to beef products.

Categories of resistance in cotton genotypes, Gossypium spp. against cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is emerging as a potential threat to cotton cultivation worldwide. The resistance categories in Gossypium arboreum to A. gossypii still need to be explored. We screened 87 G. arboreum and 20 Gossypium hirsutum genotypes against aphids under natural field conditions. Twenty-six selected genotypes from these 2 species were tested under glasshouse conditions for resistance categories (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance). Resistance categories were assessed by no-choice antibiosis assay, free-choice aphid settling assay, cumulative aphid days using population buildup tests, chlorophyl loss index, and damage ratings. No-choice antibiosis experiment revealed that the G. arboreum genotypes GAM156, PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, FDX235, AKA2009-6, DAS1032, DHH05-1, GAM532, and GAM216 had a significant adverse effect on aphid development time, longevity, and fecundity. Gossypium arboreum genotypes CISA111 and AKA2008-7 expressed a low level of antixenosis but possessed antibiosis and tolerance. Aphid resistance persisted uniformly at different plant developmental stages studied. The chlorophyl loss percentage and damage rating scores were lower in G. arboreum than in G. hirsutum genotypes, indicating the existence of tolerance in G. arboreum to aphids. Logical relations analysis of resistance contributing factors depicted the presence of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance in the G. arboreum genotypes PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, and FDX235, indicating their utility for evaluating the mechanisms of resistance and aphid resistance introgression breeding into G. hirsutum to develop commercially cultivated cotton lines.

Iodinene Nanosheet-to-Iodine Molecule Allotropic Transformation for Antibiosis.

Iodine, as a typical haloid element in group VIIA, has been extensively applied as antiseptics clinically, thanks to its effective and wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Nevertheless, current iodic sterilizing agents are still limited to topical applications such as instrument sterilization and treatments of skin or mucous membrane infection due to its unsatisfactory stability and biocompatibility. Here, we propose an emerging two-dimensional iodine nanomaterial (noted as iodinene) for the treatment of infection diseases in vivo. Iodinene nanosheets were fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly approach via sonication-assisted liquid exfoliation, which present an intriguing layered structure and negligible toxicity. The as-synthesized iodinene would experience an in situ allotropic transformation spontaneously to release active HIO and I2 molecules by reacting with H2O2 in the infectious microenvironment. By the in situ production of active HIO and I2 molecules via allotropic transformation, iodinene presents enhanced antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vivo outcome demonstrates the desirable antibacterial efficacy of iodinene in treating bacterial wound infection and pneumonia. This study thus offers an alternative to conventional sterilizing agents against hard-to-treat bacterial infections.

A unique effector secreted by Pseudozyma flocculosa mediates its biocontrol activity.

BACKGROUND: Pseudozyma flocculosa is a highly efficient biocontrol agent (BCA) of powdery mildews whose mode of action remains elusive. It is known to secrete unique effectors during its interaction with powdery mildews but effectors have never been shown to be part of the arsenal of a BCA. Here, we characterize the role of the effector Pf2826 released by Pseudozyma flocculosa during its tripartite interaction with barley and the pathogen fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. RESULTS: We utilized CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing and confirmed that secreted P. flocculosa effector Pf2826 is required for full biocontrol activity. We monitored the localization of the effector Pf2826 with C-terminal mCherry tag and found it localized around the haustoria and on powdery mildew spores. His-tagged Pf2826 recombinant protein was expressed, purified, and used as bait in a pull-down assay from total proteins extracted during the tripartite interaction. Potential interactors were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis after removing unspecific interactions found in the negative controls. A two-way yeast two-hybrid assay validated that Pf2826 interacted with barley pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins HvPR1a and chitinase and with an effector protein from powdery mildew. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the usual modes of action of competition, parasitism, and antibiosis ascribed to BCAs, this study shows that effector pf2826 plays a vital role in the biocontrol activity of P. flocculosa by interacting with plant PR proteins and a powdery mildew effector, altering the host-pathogen interaction.

The applications of 3D printing in wound healing: The external delivery of stem cells and antibiosis.

As the global number of chronic wound patients rises, the financial burden and social pressure on patients increase daily. Stem cells have emerged as promising tissue engineering seed cells due to their enriched sources, multidirectional differentiation ability, and high proliferation rate. However, delivering them in vitro for the treatment of skin injury is still challenging. In addition, bacteria from the wound site and the environment can significantly impact wound healing. In the last decade, 3D bioprinting has dramatically enriched cell delivery systems. The produced scaffolds by this technique can be precisely localized within cells and perform antibacterial actions. In this review, we summarized the 3D bioprinting-based external delivery of stem cells and their antibiosis to improve wound healing.

A robust carbon dot-based antibacterial CDs-PVA film as a wound dressing for antibiosis and wound healing.

Developing highly effective antibacterial films to promote wound healing remains a huge challenge. Herein, homogeneous and self-standing CDs-PVA composite films (PVA3, PVA5 and PVA8) were constructed by doping various mass ratios (3, 5 and 8 wt%) of carbon dots (CDs) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which had no cracks or macroscopic defects. Moreover, the robust mechanical strength and flexibility enabled them to be cut into diverse patterns as required, which provided unique advantages for being employed as a wound dressing. PVA5 and PVA8 were powerful broad-spectrum bactericides and they could kill both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the antibacterial efficacy over 90.0%. More significantly, the biocompatible films could be readily processed into a "band-aid" type dressing for wound healing. The PVA5 band-aids were just pasted on the wounds for two days and then removed, and the wounds were completely closed after fourteen days. Neither introducing any metals or antibiotics, nor with the help of any external activation, these kinds of CD-based films have the strengths of low cost, being easy to use, excellent biocompatibility and outstanding antibacterial performance, and are desirable wound dressings for various skin injuries.

Exogenous microbial antagonism affects the bioaugmentation of humus formation under different inoculation using Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

This study was aimed at exploring the effect of antagonism of Trichoderma reesei (T.r) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P.c) on humification during fermentation of rice (RS) and canola straw (CS). Results showed that exogeneous fungi accelerated straw degradation and enzyme activities of CMCase, xylanase and LiP. P.c inhibited the activity of LiP when co-existing with T.r beginning, it promoted the degradation of lignin and further increased the production of humus-like substances (HLS) and humic-like acid (HLA) in later fermentation when nutrients were insufficient. The HLS of RTP was 54.9 g/kg RS, higher than the other treatments, and displayed more complex structure and higher thermostability. Brucella and Bacillus were the main HLA bacterial producers. P.c was the HLA fungal producer, while T.r assisted FLA and polyphenol transformation. Therefore, RTP was recommended to advance technologies converting crop straw into humus resources.